Immune thrombocytopenia, formerly called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is a disorder that causes excessive bleeding and bruising. The uncontrolled bleeding may be due to low levels of platelets—the blood cells that help the blood clot. This health condition is known to cause purple-colored bruises and tiny rash-like reddish-purple dots on the skin. In most cases, children may develop it after a viral infection and recover entirely, but the disorder is usually long-term or chronic in adults. Symptoms Chronic immune thrombocytopenia often does not have symptoms. But in rare cases, they do occur in a gradual manner. Some signs to look for out are: Purple bruises on the skin Patients may notice tiny purple-colored bruises on the skin, known as purpura. Sometimes these bruises occur inside the mouth. Easy bruising One may easily injure themselves, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding or bruises on different body parts. Bleeding gums This may occur when patients do not brush or floss properly due to a fear of excessive bleeding. Poor oral hygiene can further lead to gum disease and cavities. Besides these signs, individuals should look for blood in urine or stools, spontaneous nose bleeds, and abnormally heavy menstruation. Diagnosis and treatment Healthcare professionals often diagnose chronic immune thrombocytopenia by ruling out other underlying health conditions that can lead to uncontrolled bleeding. Furthermore, blood tests may be suggested to check the level of platelets. Patients diagnosed with a mild case of the disease may not need treatment, but those with a severe condition may be suggested treatment alternatives such as: Surgery If the disorder persists, doctors may suggest surgery to remove the spleen—a body part that produces antibodies. Spleen removal is often recommended because the spleen makes antibodies that attack the platelets in those with this condition. Platelet transfusion Patients with severe uncontrolled bleeding may be required to be given platelets from the blood bank to compensate for the loss of this precious blood cell.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a health condition in which the heart muscles become thick, leading to poor blood pumping function by the organ. When these thickened walls block the blood, it is called obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HOCM. And when there is no significant blockage, it is called nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The symptoms are very few, making diagnosing the condition at the right time difficult. Let’s look at a brief overview of this illness. Causes It has been studied that gene changes in individuals cause this health condition. This is called gene mutation. The thickened muscle is usually between the two bottom chambers of the heart, which help in pumping the blood out, and if it stiffens, it makes it harder for the heart to relax. This leads to a reduced amount of blood that the ventricle can hold, and it is then unable to pump enough out to the rest of the body with each heartbeat. Due to this condition, some individuals also experience rearrangement of heart muscle cells, also called myofiber disarray, which can cause arrhythmias. Symptoms While the symptoms are few and are usually noticed very late, here is what to look out for: Any chest pain during a workout or any other form of exercise Fainting after strenuous activity or a workout A heart murmur that is mostly only detected by a doctor if you go in for a check-up Palpitations or experiencing fast, fluttering, and pounding heartbeats Shortness of breath that is usually observed during exercise While these symptoms overlap with other health conditions, it is important to see a doctor immediately when other signs are noticed, like irregular or rapid heartbeats, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. Treatment options It is not possible to cure this condition; however, there are several options and procedures in place which help relieve the symptoms of the illness and reduce the risk of cardiac arrest in individuals.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, commonly known as GEP-NETs, are cancerous tumors that develop in the pancreas or other digestive areas, such as the small intestine, rectum, stomach, appendix, or colon. These tumors generally grow in the hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells. Like most other cancers, GEP-NETs are hard to detect in their initial stages. If undetected for a long time, the tumors can turn malignant and spread to other parts of a person’s body. Symptoms Healthcare and oncology experts identify this health condition by the following symptoms: Diarrhea People with GEP-NETs frequently have secretory diarrhea, meaning they defecate large-volume stools. The frequent passage of stools causes bleeding, fever, dramatic muscle loss, a lack of sleep, and severe pain in the lower abdominal area. Abdominal pain is usually caused due to the blockages brought about in a person’s intestines. Headaches While headaches are not the most common symptom, many patients experience them. As specified earlier, GEP-NETs tend to affect one’s hormonal glands. In many cases, this causes unregulated hormone production, which constricts blood vessels in and around the head and other areas. This constriction, in turn, causes headaches. Vomiting The tumors affect the digestive system’s ability to function normally. Hence, patients commonly experience nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, and vomiting. Fatigue Besides the digestive system, most cancers affect blood circulation. Since blood is the primary oxygen carrier to all body parts, patients feel tired more often with improper circulation. One may feel exhausted even after performing simple tasks, such as walking a few steps or climbing some stairs. Treatment options Doctors recommend treatments to stop the spread of cancerous cells to other body parts or inhibit the hormone production symptoms. Surgery may also be suggested to remove the tumor. Some useful treatment alternatives are: Cryoablation In this procedure, doctors insert a thin needle called a cryoprobe into the skin to destroy the cancer cells by freezing them.

Uterine cancer, or uterus cancer, is the term used to describe cancer that develops in the uterus. This condition is classified into two broad types – endometrial cancer, i.e., cancer of the endometrium or the inner lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, i.e., cancer of the myometrium or the uterus’ muscular wall. Endometrial cancer is the more prevalent type of uterine cancer. This article describes uterine cancer, its causes, symptoms, and interventions. Causes and risk factors Genetic predisposition Individuals with family histories of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), are more at risk of developing uterine cancer. Moreover, Lynch syndrome often occurs as a comorbidity with uterine cancer. About 2% to 5% of women with uterine cancer are also diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. Genetic predisposition to colon cancer can also contribute to the prevalence of uterine cancer. Age Uterine cancer typically occurs among individuals over 50 years of age. The average age of diagnosis of the condition is 60 years. Thus, age acts as a major risk factor for the onset of uterine cancer. High body mass index Body mass index, or BMI, is expressed as one’s body mass divided by the square of one’s body height. High BMI scores can indicate excessive calories in the body. Individuals with high BMI are more susceptible to developing uterine cancer than those with lower BMI scores. Symptoms of uterine cancer Abnormal vaginal bleeding Individuals with uterine cancer may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding between their menstrual cycles or after menopause. Clear vaginal discharge post menopause Clear or thin white vaginal discharge after menopause is one of the symptoms faced by women grappling with uterine cancer. Pain and cramping in the lower abdomen Another common symptom of uterine cancer is pain and cramping in the lower abdomen, situated just below the stomach.

The bladder is a hollow, balloon-shaped organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine. The bladder is susceptible to cancers, including a type called urothelial carcinoma. Cancer begins in the urothelial cells, which line the urethra, ureters, bladder, pelvis, renal, and other organs. Urothelial cancer or carcinoma is also known as transitional cell carcinoma as the cells here can change shape. The condition affects the bladder’s ability to function properly. Symptoms Urothelial carcinoma may not cause symptoms right away. However, blood in the urine is one of the first noticeable signs of the condition. Other symptoms include: Tiredness Persistent back pain A lump or mass in the kidney region Low-grade fever Causes and risk factors The cause of urothelial carcinoma is yet to be determined. But healthcare professionals have associated the development of cancer in the bladder and kidneys with the following risk factors: Age: One might be at an increased risk of developing urothelial cancer as they get older, especially at ages 55 and above. However, the condition can develop at any age. Gender: Men are at a greater risk of developing various types of bladder cancers than women. Exposure to toxins: Exposure to arsenic and chemicals used for manufacturing dyes, leather, rubber, textiles, and paint products may also increase the risk of urothelial carcinoma. This is because the kidneys play an important role in filtering harmful chemicals from the bloodstream and moving them to the bladder. So, long-term exposure to such chemicals during filtration might increase the risk of bladder cancer. Prescription options: Treatment with anti-cancer prescriptions or those who have received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis are at a higher risk of developing cancer in the bladder. Family history of the condition: One might be at a higher risk of developing the disease if their blood relatives, such as a parent, sibling, or child, have been affected by some form of bladder cancer.

Schizophrenia is a chronic cognitive disorder that usually affects adults. Some of the initial symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, impaired logical reasoning, speech problems, and unexpected changes in behavior. The condition progresses with no consistent pattern, so each individual with the disorder may be affected in a unique way over time. However, one can find management options to prevent symptoms from worsening. So, here are some useful tips for dealing with schizophrenia symptoms: Seek treatment Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the chances of leading a healthy life with the condition. So, it is important for friends and family members of the affected person to self-educate and learn more about the condition. This way, caregivers can inform doctors about the progression to develop a proper course of action. Understanding the symptoms and the impact of the condition will also make it easy to explain its progression to the affected person so they can be prepared for treatment. Recognize the importance of prescriptions Schizophrenia does not have a permanent cure, but prescriptions, treatments, and therapies can help prevent most symptoms from worsening. Schizophrenia progresses with no consistent pattern in the positive, negative, or disorganized symptoms, but a supervised course of prescriptions is one of the first steps in coping with the symptoms. It is necessary for caregivers, friends, and family members to establish the importance of such options and encourage patients to take their prescriptions on time. Accept the diagnosis After receiving a diagnosis, it can be difficult for one to accept that they are dealing with a psychiatric disorder. Caregivers, family members, and friends must actively boost the patient’s morale and help them accept, understand, and adapt to the situation. It is important to overcome the stigma created around mental disorders, as these notions can impact the ability to accept the disorder.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a sexually transmitted disease that is a common health concern around the world. From a weakened immune system to neurological issues, the disease can affect health, physical and mental, as well as daily life. Taking preventive measures and seeking early diagnosis and appropriate care can help mitigate the disease risk. Here are a few preventive measures one can take to be better equipped to combat the virus: Practicing safe sex The exchange of bodily fluids during intercourse puts one at a greater risk of contracting the disease. Some measures to ensure safe sexual practices include the correct use of condoms. The barrier devices are designed to protect both male and female bodies. Apart from this, if a partner has been diagnosed with HIV, one can engage in intimate activities that do not involve sex to reduce the chances of contracting the infection. It is important to communicate and practice safe sex. Seeking education and awareness Education plays an important role in preventing HIV transmission. Being aware of the disease, the ways it can spread, and its effects can empower one to make informed decisions. Many schools, community centers, and healthcare facilities run awareness campaigns and educational programs on HIV and promote safe sex practices. This can encourage a culture of openness, understanding, and acceptance. Further, one can look for outreach programs that interact with marginalized populations, such as sex workers and those on the LGBTQ+ spectrum at risk of HIV. They can address unique needs to reduce vulnerability to infection. Testing and counseling One can also get tested for sexually transmitted infections. Many healthcare facilities and community centers provide accessible and confidential testing methods. Additionally, if at risk of HIV, one can seek counseling to deal with the infection. Professionals provide emotional support, guidance regarding the best treatment options, and information on strategies to reduce the risk of AIDS.

Uterine cancer, or uterus cancer, is the term used to describe cancer that develops in the uterus. This condition is classified into two broad types – endometrial cancer, i.e., cancer of the endometrium or the inner lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, i.e., cancer of the myometrium or the uterus’ muscular wall. Endometrial cancer is the more prevalent type of uterine cancer. This article describes uterine cancer, its causes, symptoms, and interventions. Causes and risk factors Genetic predisposition:  Individuals with family histories of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), are more at risk of developing uterine cancer. Moreover, Lynch syndrome often occurs as a comorbidity with uterine cancer. About 2% to 5% of women with uterine cancer are also diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. Genetic predisposition to colon cancer can also contribute to the prevalence of uterine cancer. Age:  Uterine cancer typically occurs among individuals over 50 years of age. The average age of diagnosis of the condition is 60 years. Thus, age acts as a major risk factor for the onset of uterine cancer. High body mass index:  Body mass index, or BMI, is expressed as one’s body mass divided by the square of one’s body height. High BMI scores can indicate excessive calories in the body. Individuals with high BMI are more susceptible to developing uterine cancer than those with lower BMI scores. Symptoms of uterine cancer Abnormal vaginal bleeding:  Individuals with uterine cancer may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding between their menstrual cycles or after menopause. Clear vaginal discharge post menopause:  Clear or thin white vaginal discharge after menopause is one of the symptoms faced by women grappling with uterine cancer. Pain and cramping in the lower abdomen:  Another common symptom of uterine cancer is pain and cramping in the lower abdomen, situated just below the stomach.

The bladder is a hollow, balloon-shaped organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine. The bladder is susceptible to cancers, including a type called urothelial carcinoma. Cancer begins in the urothelial cells, which line the urethra, ureters, bladder, pelvis, renal, and other organs. Urothelial cancer or carcinoma is also known as transitional cell carcinoma as the cells here can change shape. The condition affects the bladder’s ability to function properly. Symptoms Urothelial carcinoma may not cause symptoms right away. However, blood in the urine is one of the first noticeable signs of the condition. Other symptoms include: Tiredness Persistent back pain A lump or mass in the kidney region Low-grade fever Causes and risk factors The cause of urothelial carcinoma is yet to be determined. But healthcare professionals have associated the development of cancer in the bladder and kidneys with the following risk factors: Age: One might be at an increased risk of developing urothelial cancer as they get older, especially at ages 55 and above. However, the condition can develop at any age. Gender: Men are at a greater risk of developing various types of bladder cancers than women. Exposure to toxins: Exposure to arsenic and chemicals used for manufacturing dyes, leather, rubber, textiles, and paint products may also increase the risk of urothelial carcinoma. This is because the kidneys play an important role in filtering harmful chemicals from the bloodstream and moving them to the bladder. So, long-term exposure to such chemicals during filtration might increase the risk of bladder cancer. Prescription options: Treatment with anti-cancer prescriptions or those who have received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis are at a higher risk of developing cancer in the bladder. Family history of the condition: One might be at a higher risk of developing the disease if their blood relatives, such as a parent, sibling, or child, have been affected by some form of bladder cancer.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a sexually transmitted disease that is a common health concern around the world. From a weakened immune system to neurological issues, the disease can affect health, physical and mental, as well as daily life. Taking preventive measures and seeking early diagnosis and appropriate care can help mitigate the disease risk. Here are a few preventive measures one can take to be better equipped to combat the virus: Practicing safe sex The exchange of bodily fluids during intercourse puts one at a greater risk of contracting the disease.  The barrier devices are designed to protect both male and female bodies. Apart from this, if a partner has been diagnosed with HIV, one can engage in intimate activities that do not involve sex to reduce the chances of contracting the infection. It is important to communicate and practice safe sex. Seeking education and awareness Education plays an important role in preventing HIV transmission. Being aware of the disease, the ways it can spread, and its effects can empower one to make informed decisions. Many schools, community centers, and healthcare facilities run awareness campaigns and educational programs on HIV and promote safe sex practices. This can encourage a culture of openness, understanding, and acceptance. Further, one can look for outreach programs that interact with marginalized populations, such as sex workers and those on the LGBTQ+ spectrum at risk of HIV. They can address unique needs to reduce vulnerability to infection. Testing and counseling One can also get tested for sexually transmitted infections. Many healthcare facilities and community centers provide accessible and confidential testing methods. Additionally, if at risk of HIV, one can seek counseling to deal with the infection. Professionals provide emotional support, guidance regarding the best treatment options, and information on strategies to reduce the risk of AIDS.